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Steps in Planning Process

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  Steps in Planning Process: The steps in planning process are presented here in connection with major programs, such as the acquisition of a plant the development of a product, managers would follow essentially the same steps in any other through planning. Since minor plans are usually simpler, some of the steps would be more easily accomplished, but the practical steps listed below. In practice, however, managers must study the feasibility of possible courses of action at each step. These are the following steps of planning process. 1) Being Aware of Opportunities: This is first steps of planning. Although it precedes actual planning and is therefore not strictly a part of the planning process, an awareness of opportunities in the external environment as well as within the organization is the real starting point for planning. All managers should take a preliminary look at possible future opportunities and see them clearly and completely, know where they stand in light of their...
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Managerial Levels / Hierarchy

  Managerial Levels / Hierarchy: Every organization has managerial hierarchy or chain of command that consists of various levels of authority. The number of managements generally differs from organization to organization. Since management is process of exercising authority and understanding responsibility, its function is to be allocated according to various functional departments or sections. By and large, quite many organizations identity within them three levels of management such as – 1)         Top management: Top management deals with policy issues and with planning and analysis that totally concerns the entire organization and its future direction. They are vested only with preliminary control and him obtaining feedback to assesses degree of long-range plan success. The nature of their work can be classified as intangible and hence cannot exercise touting or concurrent control. The top management may consist of an individual called chi...
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Decision making process

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  Decision making process:             These are the following steps involved in decision making process. 1)       Defining the Process: Decision making process really starts with defining the exact problem. The decision maker has to basically identify what exactly is the problem, before making a decision on the situation. A problem exists when there is difference between what is or will be happening and what should happen in given situation. The real and most basic cause of the problem must be identified. While defining the problem, it is essential to find out the critical or strategic factors of problem. These factors pose restriction or present obstacles in finding the solution to the problem. In adequacy of finance, limited managerial talent, low employee morale, adverse change in the government policy etc. are some of the critical factors which need a careful attention while deciding over a prob...
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Types of Decisions

  Types of Decisions   : 1)       Programmed and Non-Programmed Decisions : Programmed decisions are of repetitive nature concerned with routine type of problems. These decisions are taken normally by lower level of managers. Such decisions have short-run impact. As they are concerned with routine matters of less importance, managers should not spend much time in respect of such decisions. In fact, specific policies and procedures should be fixed for taking such decisions. Eg. Purchase of low priced stationery, granting a leave to an employee.   Non-programmed decisions are novel or new decisions taken in respect of special types of problems. These decisions are normally taken by top management. For eg. Introduction of new product in the market, offer of bonus shares to the shareholders.   2)       Major and Minor Decisions: Depending upon the importance or possible effect on the organization as a whole, deci...
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Elements of Decision making

  Elements of Decision making : 1)       Concept of a Good Decision: The first and important element of the process of decision making is the perception of a decision. The decision should be sound and result oriented. The decision should be based on facts and figures after its careful analysis.   2)       Environment of Decision: The management should create a favorable environment in the organization structure for good decisions. The decision environment, the labor management relations, organizational pattern, the delegation of authority, decentralization policy are some important factors. 3)       Psychological Elements: The decision making is human process, so it is natural that the taken decision will be affected by the psychology of decision maker. Some personal attributes affecting decision are intelligence, educational level, temperament position, attitude etc. 4)    ...
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Decision Making Process

  Decision Making Process and Nature : Decision making process:   To decide means to come to a conclusion or resolution. Decision is a choice whereby a person comes to a conclusion about a situation. It represents a course of behavior or action about what must or must not be done.             Decision making is mental process. It is process of selection of one best alternative for doing a work. Thus, it is particular course of action chosen by decision maker ( Manager) as the most effective alternative for achieving his goals. Decision making is a process and decision is the product of a process. Definitions: 1)       Decision Making is a selection based on some criteria, of one behavior alternative from two or more possible alternatives. – R.S.Davar. 2)       Decision Making is a selection of alternative, from two or more alternative, to determine an opinion or...
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Functions of management

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  Functions of management:   Management function is very important, because use this function to perform the activity. Use it function to solving problem. These are the five function, such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. They are following- Figure : Function of management   Planning : Planning is the ongoing process of developing the business' mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning includes both the broadest view of the organization, e.g., its mission, and the narrowest, e.g., a tactic for accomplishing a specific goal. Organizing : Organizing is establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders. Staffing :  Staffing filling and keeping filled with qualified people all positions in the busin...
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